Re: My children
No, you can't go see them or contact them once they are taken away. However, the game does remember them as it keeps an accurate count of your children in the stats section of the logbook.
Also, it appears that any time you get divorced, your spouse dies, even if you let them leave peacefully. The "number of times widowed" pretty much always increases with "number of times divorced" (all the times I've played anyway), but you do not always get the message box about your child being taken away. I assume it still happens though.